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Symptoms of Dwarfism in Dogs
Dwarfism

Causes & Prevention
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Tests
Treatment & Prognosis

How Dwarfism Affects Dogs

Dogs with severe skeletal defects may suffer discomfort and pain during puppyhood and into adulthood, depending upon the nature and severity of their deformities. This can happen in dogs that have been selectively bred to be dwarfs, as well as in those whose small stature is not normal for their breed. Some dwarf dogs suffer from breathing difficulties as a result of their malformed skulls and abnormal nasal passageways. They also tend to have reproductive problems. Many male and female canine dwarfs cannot mate naturally, and dwarf bitches frequently are unable to whelp their puppies through normal vaginal deliveries. This is usually due to their disproportionately large heads, long bodies and short stature. Dwarf dogs with abnormally long bodies in comparison to their relatively short legs, such as Dachshunds, Corgis and Basset Hounds, have an increased risk of developing painful spinal abnormalities (back problems), especially intervertebral disk disease.
Symptoms of Dwarfism

Owners of dogs whose dwarfism is considered to be perfectly normal for their breed obviously will not be surprised as their dogs develop with short legs and relatively long bodies. However, owners of dogs that have not been selectively bred to be dwarfs certainly will be concerned as their dogs do not grow normally. Depending upon the particular type of dwarfism, the dog’s owner will see one or more obvious skeletal deformities and stunted growth usually by approximately two or three months of age. These may include:

Short legs (usually in the correct proportion to one another; seen in virtually all dwarf dogs)
Long body (in comparison to short legs)
Bowed legs (especially noticeable in the front legs)
Enlarged joints (elbow, stifle/knee, carpus/wrist, tarsus/ankle)
Outward-turned feet (valgus deformity; especially prominent in front feet)
Large, wide head
Pronounced, protruding lower jaw (mandible)
Short upper jaw (maxilla)
Underbite (front upper teeth are behind the front lower teeth when the mouth is shut)
Depressed or caved-in appearance to the maxilla and muzzle which adversely affects respiration (depressed nasal bridge)
Difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
Loud, snoring-like breathing (stertorous respiration)
Excessive panting
Protruding tongue (partially sticking out of the mouth; frequently curls upward over the flat nose while the dog is panting)
Bulging eyes
Distended abdomen
Occasional spinal deviations
Occasional spinal pain

The primary skeletal abnormalities in dwarf dogs are their shortened legs, which make their bodies appear to be unusually long in comparison. Dwarfs may or may not also have skull and breathing abnormalities and/or problems with their spines.

German Shepherd Dogs and Carnelian Bear Dogs, and to a lesser extent Weimaraners, Labrador Retrievers, Spitz and Miniature Pinschers, are predisposed to a different form of genetic dwarfism caused by a defect in their pituitary gland. This condition is known as “juvenile panhypopituitarism,” or simply “pituitary dwarfism”. Affected puppies look normal when they are born. However, their growth slows down markedly after about 3 to 4 months of age. Pituitary dwarfs have a number of particular symptoms, including:

Stunted growth (short stature; short legs; abnormal growth of the long bones in the legs due to delayed closure of developing growth plates; obviously are “runts” by 5 or 6 months of age)
Delayed dental eruption (puppy teeth do not fall out when they should; retained deciduous teeth)
Patchy areas of symmetrical hair loss (alopecia; develops gradually)
Skin abnormalities (hyperpigmentation/darkening of the skin; thinning of the skin; wrinkling; scaling)
Small external genitalia (immature genitals do not develop normally; hypogonadism; testicular atrophy in males; cryptorchidism in males one or both testicles do not descend into the scrotum normally; absence of heat cycles in bitches; may or may not be able to reproduce)
Abnormal behavior (aggression; fear biting; others)
Heart (cardiac) abnormalities
Megaesophagus
Shortened life span

Dogs at Increased Risk

A number of breeds are dwarfs as a result of selective breeding of dogs that display extreme examples of the desired disfiguring traits: short, abnormal legs and large, deformed heads. These include Bulldogs, Japanese Spaniels, Pugs, Shih-Tzus, Pekingese and Boston Terriers. Other intentional dwarf breeds have short legs and long bodies but relatively normal skulls, such as the Dachshund, Beagle, Welsh Corgi, Scottish Terrier, Skye Terrier, Basset Hound and Dandie Dinmont Terrier.

Breeds that reportedly are at risk of producing dwarfs but that have not been selectively bred for short stature include the Labrador Retriever, Norwegian Elkhound, Cocker Spaniel, Scottish Terrier, Scottish Deerhound, Alaskan Malamute, Great Pyrenees, Bull Terrier, Irish Setter, Miniature Poodle, Beagle, Samoyed, English Pointer and Great Dane. German Shepherd Dogs and Carelian Bear Dogs, and to a lesser extent Weimaraners, Spitz and Miniature Pinschers, are predisposed to developing so-called pituitary dwarfism. When a puppy from one of these breeds slows in growth and develops obvious dwarfism, it is considered a genetic developmental abnormality.

Causes and Prevention of Dwarfism in Dogs
Dwarfism

Causes & Prevention
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Tests
Treatment & Prognosis

Causes of Dwarfism

Dwarfism – or short stature in dogs - can be caused by a wide variety of things. These include:

Malnutrition
Portosystemic shunts (PSS)
Cardiovascular defects (abnormalities in the heart and/or blood vessels)
Hydrocephalus (“water on the brain”)
Kidney (renal) disease
Hypothyroidism (deficiency of thyroid hormones)
Hypopituitarism (inherited deficiency of growth hormone)
Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease; deficiency of adrenal gland hormones)
Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s disease; excessive production of adrenal hormones)
Diabetes mellitus
Glycogen storage disease
Skeletal dysplasia (developmental abnormalities formed before birth in utero; usually caused by a genetic defect in endochondral ossification, which is the process that normally occurs in young growing animals as their cartilage transitions to bone)
Hyposomatotropism (hormone deficiency)
Other hormonal imbalances

Prevention of Dwarfism

The sire and dam of dwarf dogs in breeds that have not been intentionally bred to be short probably should not be bred again, because of the likely hereditary cause of their puppies’ condition. They certainly should not be bred to each other at any later date. Affected dogs – those that are dwarfs - also should be not be used as part of a responsible breeding program. Other than by managing the gene pool in this fashion, there is no realistic way to prevent dwarfism in domestic dogs.
Special Note

Canine dwarfism almost always has a strong genetic component. Dwarf dogs are not short in stature as a result of the same processes that led to the short stature of the many tiny and toy dog breeds we see today. Those breeds developed not from genetic defects in bone and cartilage growth and development, but instead from the selective breeding of proportionately smaller and smaller representatives from the normal gene pool. Toy and miniature breeds, like the Miniature Pinscher and Miniature Schnauzer, are essentially smaller examples of normal dogs of those breeds. In other words, they have been “bred down” in a way that makes them miniature versions of dogs with normal conformational proportions.

Diagnosing Dwarfism in Dogs
Dwarfism

Causes & Prevention
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Tests
Treatment & Prognosis

Diagnostic Procedures

The results of a urinalysis and routine blood work (a complete blood count and serum biochemistry profile) are almost always normal in dwarf dogs, unless they also happen to have some unrelated medical disorder or disease. Usually, the physical appearance of the dog, its breed and its history are sufficient to enable the veterinarian to make a presumptive diagnosis of genetic dwarfism with some degree of confidence. Radiographs (X-rays) of the short legs, and of the skull and spine if they also appear abnormal, probably will show atypical growth of both cartilage and bone. A definitive diagnosis of dwarfism can be made by taking bone biopsies and submitting the samples to a laboratory for microscopic evaluation by a veterinary pathologist.

Pituitary dwarfism can be diagnosed through hormonal testing of blood samples. The veterinarian will be looking for the level of growth hormone in circulation; pituitary dwarfs will have very low circulating levels of that particular hormone. Computed tomography (CT scan) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can also be used to identify the tiny pituitary cysts which commonly are present in the pituitary gland of pituitary dwarfs.
Special Notes

It is not difficult to identify canine dwarfs, especially in breeds where the traits associated with dwarfism are considered to be desirable. In other breeds, X-rays and bone biopsies are probably the most reliable methods to diagnose the nature and extent of the dog’s skeletal abnormalities.

Treatment and Prognosis for Dwarfism in dogs
Dwarfism

Causes & Prevention
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis and Tests
Treatment & Prognosis

Treatment Options

Most dwarf dogs do not require treatment, because their conformational abnormalities are considered to be normal, desirable attributes of their breeds. In other dwarf dogs, where the condition is neither normal nor desirable, orthopedic surgery may be available to try and realign their short, crooked legs. Depending upon the cause of the dog’s short stature, the puppy’s age and whether or not the growth plates of affected bones are open or closed, advanced surgical techniques may be available to help the long bones of the legs to lengthen. However, these surgeries are complicated and costly. The surgical procedures would have to be done separately - and at different times - on each of the puppy’s legs. Recovery from each surgery would be long and potentially painful. As a practical matter, surgical correction of dwarfism is not considered to be a realistic option.

If the condition is painful, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other medications designed to provide pain relieve (analgesics) can be prescribed by the treating veterinarian. Certain supplements can help to lubricate the joints and provide some protection for developing or aging cartilage. These include glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate and polysulfated glycosaminoglycans. Owners should discuss use of supplements with their veterinarian.

Dogs with pituitary dwarfism theoretically can be treated with growth hormone replacement therapy. Unfortunately, canine growth hormone is not currently commercially available for therapeutic use. Synthetic human growth hormone is not practically available for treating dogs, due to legal restrictions and issues relating to immune system incompatibility between dogs and people. Biosynthetic bovine (cow) growth hormone is available commercially for use in cattle, but its concentration and strength make it unacceptable for use in dogs. Porcine (pig) growth hormone is compatible with canine growth hormone and can be administered to dogs. However, it is not widely available and can be quite costly to acquire. Growth hormone injections can have adverse consequences, including allergic reactions and development of diabetes mellitus, among others.

A potentially promising therapy for pituitary dwarfs involves long-term administration of progestin (medroxyprogesterone acetate), initially at three-week intervals and eventually decreasing to six-week intervals. Progestin stimulates growth hormone production from cells of the mammary ducts. This treatment can be used for male and female dogs. However, progestin therapy carries the risk of adverse side effects, as well.

Owners of non-selectively bred dwarf dogs should discuss an appropriate treatment protocol with their veterinarian. In many cases, no treatment is necessary.
Prognosis

The outlook for dwarf dogs is variable, depending upon the cause, nature and extent of their skeletal abnormalities. In many cases, dwarfs live a perfectly normal life for a perfectly normal life span. In other cases, they develop respiratory and spinal abnormalities. Dogs with pituitary dwarfism typically remain small for life, and their long-term prognosis is poor. If their growth plates are open at the time growth hormone treatment begins, they may have a substantial increase in height and a more favorable prognosis. However, most pituitary dwarfs die by five years of age, with or without treatment. They typically die from neurological abnormalities, infections, kidney failure or other degenerative diseases.

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nema na cemu
ja sam strucnjak za midzet kerove :DD

ovaj ima disperziju kukova, nije miđžet nažalost :(